What are the two main sources of insulin?

The two main sources of insulin are indeed recombinant DNA derivatives and human derivatives. This is primarily due to advancements in biotechnology, which have enabled the production of insulin that is structurally identical to human insulin. Recombinant DNA technology allows for the insertion of the human insulin gene into bacterial or yeast cells, leading to the production of insulin that is biologically active and safe for human use.

This source of insulin has greatly improved the treatment of diabetes, as it is more effective and carries a lower risk of allergic reactions compared to earlier methods. Before the advent of recombinant technology, insulin was sourced from animal pancreases, primarily from pigs and cows. However, the use of animal-derived insulin can sometimes lead to immune reactions in patients, emphasizing the advantages of human-derived insulin produced via recombinant methods.

Other options mention animal derivatives and synthetic forms or plant-based sources, but the dominant and most clinically relevant sources in current medical practice are the recombinant DNA derivatives and those derived from synthetic processes that mimic human insulin. This focus on human-identical insulin enhances its safety and efficacy for diabetic patients.